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Libralind2
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Username: Libralind2
Post Number: 974
Registered: 09-2004
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Votes: 0 (Vote!) | | Posted on Tuesday, November 13, 2007 - 11:55 am: | 
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Cause of the decline of the Black Book store..???
LiLi
Subject: Inappropriate Behavior Patterns
Inappropriate Behavior Patterns
Inappropriate Behavior Patterns (IBP) is a term coined by Dr. Claud Anderson in his great book, PowerNomics. It refers to actions that result in African Americans participating in their own subordination or exploitation. Inappropriate Behavior Patterns stem from Slavery Conditioning. Hold up. Let’s back up a minute and talk about Slavery Conditioning.
Slavery Conditioning
Slavery Conditioning is the process slave masters used to psychologically make a better slave. Author Kenneth Stampp, in his book The Peculiar Institution, describes the four pillars of conditioning a slave. Included were fear, loyalty, inferiority, and hatred. When making a slave the first thing you do is to instill fear. Secondly, you teach the slave to have loyalty only to his master. Thirdly, you teach them to feel inferior by always showing Whites in positions of authority. Lastly, you teach them to hate anything connected to Africa.
The methods used during Slavery Conditioning were horrific and showed the vicious nature of the slave masters. One example, cited from the Cardinal Principles for Making a Negro, the writer says:
Take the meanest and most restless ••••••, strip him of his clothes in front of the . . . [slaves], tar and feather him, tie each leg to a different horse faced in opposite directions, set him afire and beat both horses to pull him apart in front of the remaining ••••••(s). The next step is to take a bull whip and beat the remaining •••••• to the point of death in front of the female and infant. Don’t kill him but put the fear of God in him, for he can be useful in future breeding. (From Lets Make a Slave, by Robert L. Brock)
Norman Coombs, in The Black Experience in America, p. 40 wrote:
The [slavery]social conditioning process instilled strict discipline in Blacks, a sense of inferiority, belief in the slave owners’ superior power, acceptance of the slave owners’ standards and a deep sense of a slave helplessness and dependence. The slave owners cut Blacks off from their history, culture, language and community, and implanted White society’s value system.
C. Clark in a 1972 monumental article for Black Psychology entitled Black Studies or the study of Black people. (pp. 3-17)states:
In order to fully grasp the magnitude of our current problems, we must reopen the books on the events of slavery. Our objective should not be to cry stale tears for the past, or to rekindle old hatreds for past injustices. Instead, we should seek to enlighten our path of today by better understanding where and how the lights were turned out yesterday.
We should also understand that slavery should be viewed as a starting point for understanding the African American psyche, and not as an end point. Therefore, the study of the African American psyche should include psycho-history, but it should not be exclusively concerned with events in the past.
In Survival Strategies for Africans in America, p.33, Anthony Browder says it well:
African Americans must never forget that our ancestors were compelled by the letter of the law and the force of the whip, to accept the ideals and beliefs imposed on them by their so-called masters. They were forbidden from expressing their own thoughts and perceptions of the world and were forced to accept the beliefs and behaviors deemed appropriate for them.
These steps were taken to ensure the continuation of slavery from one generation to the next. Such social engineering manufactured culturally deficient clones, generation after generation, over the last four centuries. Each successive generation was infected from the time of inception with an ingrained cultural virus that was designed to prevent them from reaching their fullest potential.
In Black Labor White Wealth, p.165, Dr. Claud Anderson points out:
The slave owner’s absolute power over Blacks allowed them to operate an efficient and effective slavery conditioning system. Slaveholders constructed internal controls on slaves that minimized the external force needed to control them. The government provided the environment of legal framework that allowed the conditioning process to exist for 250 years . . .
The effects carried over into freed Black society and affected the general behavior of Blacks as a race of people.
Jawanza Kunjufu, in the powerful book, Solutions for Black America, p.145 says:
Affluent Whites who are valued in America and who have experienced trauma are given treatment immediately. When they have been in stressful events – Columbine, Kentucky, Oregon – the government sent counselors immediately to address the survivors’ needs. The fundamental problem for African Americans is that when slavery ended in 1865, African Americans were not given counseling to address post-traumatic slavery disorder.
Left untreated post-traumatic slavery disorder amounts to Slavery Conditioning. The symptoms of Slavery Conditioning are what make up Inappropriate Behavior Patterns.
Inappropriate Behavior Patterns Continued . . .
Now, let's get back to our discussion of Inappropriate Behavior Patterns. Inappropriate Behavior Patterns manifest when your mind is so filled with thoughts of negativity and inferiority that you weaken your competitive impulse. You justify the behavior of outsiders rather than help your own group compete against outsiders.
For example, Inappropriate Behavior Patterns occur when African Americans spend ninety five percent (95%) of their annual disposable income with businesses located outside of their community. Of the five percent(5%) that remains in Black communities, another three percent(3%) is spent with non-Black owned businesses. It’s hard for Black communities to maintain a reasonable quality-of-life and be economically competitive when only two percent(2%) of their annual disposable income remains within the Black community.
You cannot give ninety eight percent(98%)of your income away and blame one hundred percent(100%)of your problems on someone else. It’s no accident that the number of African Americans that start new businesses is comparatively small, when most of us are aware that because of self-hatred and lack of self-knowledge, only two percent(2%) of Black dollars will come to their African American business.
Browder states:
"The mind is the conduit through which a person can access spiritual consciousness. If the mind is blocked and filled with thoughts of negativity and inferiority, it is incapable of tuning in spiritually empowering thoughts. A self-blocked mind is programmed to engage in self-destructive behavior that is often injurious to the body. To repeat a frequently used statement in the African American community, ‘If you free your mind, your ass will follow.” [2]
Inappropriate Behavior Patterns are displayed when Black people do not see ourselves as a group, but instead we see Democrats, Republicans, Christians, Muslims, college-educated, and uneducated. As a result we spend such a small percentage of our approximately $700 billion with our 945,000 businesses. It has been said that we would have to return to the Jim Crow era to increase that percentage. Is that true?
The failure of Black people to eliminate Inappropriate Behavior Patterns on a collective basis has resulted in actions that have plunged us into the depths of despair, self-hatred, distrust, and economic dependence rather than economic independence.
Examples of Inappropriate Behavior Patterns
There are numerous examples of Inappropriate Behavior Patterns in the Black community. After reading those below, you’ll feel me and know what they are. The following are just a few taken from Chains and Images of Psychological Slavery, by Na’im Akbar, pp. 9 – 25, Black Economics: Solutions for Economic and Community Empowerment, by Jawanza Kunjufu, pp. 62 – 68, and Powernomics: The National Plan to Empower Black America, by Dr. Claud Anderson, pp. 26 - 30:
Community Division
The most damaging example of Inappropriate Behavior Patterns faced by African Americans is Community Division. The slave master fostered it among the slaves in order to stop any efforts to unite. The slave makers knew that disunited communities would be easy prey for continued control. All types of divisional devices prevented the slaves from coming together.
The major separation was between the house and field workers. The house workers saw themselves as privileged. They had less physical labor, wore better clothes, ate better and took care of the personal needs of the master and his household. Just to be physically closer to the master gave the house slave a sense of superiority over his fellow field slaves.
The slave master used his house slaves as a buffer zone against the field slaves. He encouraged them to feel superior, be loyal to his cause and take his side during any disputes. Because of this social conditioning, the slave master gained some slaves that assisted and identified with him completely. (Sound familiar?)
The Inappropriate Behavior Patterns of Community Division in the Black community persists today. Rather than house versus field we have, establishment, grassroots, Christians, Muslims, Baptists, Methodists, fraternities, sororities, schools, white collar, blue collar, republicans, democrats, neighborhoods and hundreds of other devices for division. The origin of all these divisions comes from the same source as it did 400 years ago – an outsider who profits from the separation.
Black Americans just as we did 400 years ago, spend more time arguing and justifying separate goals than we do working on common goals. Slavery Conditioning has psyched us out to feel our separate problems are more important than our shared problems.
Lack of Social Reinforcement
In Black families, Inappropriate Behavior Patterns are noticed. They happen when those siblings who are professionals are more respected than those who are business owners.
Carter G. Woodson, in his classic work, The Mis-Education of the Negro, referred to Inappropriate Behavior Patterns when he explained how schools encourage Black people to pursue careers working and managing other people’s enterprises rather than starting their own. Schools feel that it is more prestigious to be an accountant for a Fortune 500 corporation than to own your own grocery store or cleaners in the community.
Another instance of Inappropriate Behavior Patterns is the perception that Black businesses are marginal, require too much work for too little income, and that it’s more lucrative, less demanding and more financially rewarding to work for someone else than to own your own business.
Even though the numbers are increasing, African Americans still have the smallest number of businesses per thousand. The reason for this is probably because the social environment does not encourage people to start businesses.
Many Black men and women who face frustration from not being able to climb the corporate ladder, start businesses. Many of our best Black minds, with degrees in engineering, accounting, marketing and business administration are using their skills and talents for corporate American while other members of our community, who have not been trained, are starting “mom and pop” businesses which exhibit Inappropriate Behavior Patterns. This reinforces the thinking that Black businesses are marginal.
Lack of Trust
Still another example of Inappropriate Behavior Patterns of African Americans is Lack of Trust. It is very difficult to accomplish anything significant by yourself. The same cooperative spirit that Hispanics, Asians and other immigrants have in working together, studying together, and living together, they replicate in their business efforts by pooling their resources. It will take this level of trust for our businesses to be successful.
Prosperous business owners maintain trust with their customers, employees, and investors. If we're going to be successful as business owners it is crucial for us to acknolwedge that trust is as essential an ingredient as money and business know-how.
Misjudgment of Business Viability
Many of us exercise Inappropriate Behavior Patterns when we underestimate our business viability. What we perceive to be a marginal operation, in many cases, is just the opposite when we tally business receipts for the day, week, month, or year.
We look down on grocery stores and cleaners and “marginal operations” because we lack the vision of how Ford, GM, Chrysler, IBM, Wal-Mart, and others were all connsidered “marginal operations" when they started.
We were not around when they met in the basements of their homes developing strategies. We didn’t observe the 12, 16, and 20-hour workdays seven days a week. We were not there when payrolls were missed and financial sacrifices were made. We were not there when they borrowed money from relatives because they had a vision that years later they would have multi-million dollar operations. It has been said that people without a vision will perish and unfortunately, that is happening in the business sector of our community.
On the other hand, some Black people display Inappropriate Behavior Patterns by dreaming too much. Business requires more than just dreams. They require hard work, sacrifice and planning. You never want to destroy anyone’s dreams, but in my mind, I have doubts if the dreamer has the perseverance to turn the dream into reality. The idea is to encourage people and seldom give discouraging remarks, however as the old saying goes; “nothing comes to a dreamer but a dream.”
Another way that Inappropriate Behavior Patterns affect Black business owners is the desire to convince themselves, their families, and their communities that their businesses are viable. This is demonstrated by the purchase of expensive clothes, cars, and houses. Many business owners fall prey to materialism and the desire to show the community how “big time” they are. The assumption is I can’t be “half ass” if I’m driving a Mercedes, BMW or Lexus. In reality, those kinds of purchases rob the business of capital for future growth and development. The business becomes marginal from the owner making expensive purchases.
There are other alternatives to convince the Black community that a business is viable and needs to be pursued. The Black business community is in need a major public relations campaign to communicate their tremendous benefits.
Poor Service and Consumer Attitudes
Another instance of Inappropriate Behavior Patterns is the poor service provided by some African American businesses. George Subira says in, Blacks Folks Guide to Business Success, pp.74-74:
Black people start businesses to be the boss and Whites start them to make money.
Many Black business owners manifest Inappropriate Behavior Patterns when they assume that because they are Black, they should be supported. Timothy Bates and many others have documented that businesses can’t assume race loyalty. They must provide quality service. African American businesses can’t open late, close early, treat customers rudely, talk on the phone while servicing customers, and have untidy stores that are also under stocked.
What price do we place on loyalty to our race? Kunjufu says, people have told him they would support Black stores as long as Black stores have prices that are lower than non-Black stores, but if the price becomes equal or if the price becomes four cents higher their loyalty begins to shift.
Attitude Towards Work
Frequently seen Inappropriate Behavior Patterns passed to Blacks from Slavery Conditioning is our Attitude Towards Work.
Slavery was forced labor. It was daily work, beginning in early childhood and continuing until death or total disability. To the slave, work did not provide for his needs. Instead he worked, often under the threats of abuse or death, to produce profits for the slave master. A good crop did not improve his life or community; it improved only the life and community of the slaves' master. [3]
Work, as any activity that bears no benefit to the doer, was hated. Seen as a form of punishment and as any punishment, those who are punished despise it. Moreover, work was identified with slavery. Even today, Ebonics refers to a job as "the plantation" or a “slave”.
Enslavement meant work, and freedom meant avoidance of work. Work was viewed as the activity of the pride-less underdog. Today, one hundred and forty four years removed from slavery, it is difficult for many Blacks to view the long–term reward of sustained work as being adequate to erase the stigma of the toil. Many of us will not start a business because it is easier to work for someone else and get a regular paycheck that will ensure the leisure of Emancipation-Friday evening through Monday morning.
Attitude Towards Material Things
Allowing the slave to own nothing or very little was Slavery Conditioning that produced Inappropriate Behavior Patterns by generating a care less Attitude Towards Material Things. The slave master possessed property and the finer material things such as clothes, jewelry, fine house, beautiful landscaping, etc.
Consequently, the same way the field slave hated and resented his master, he resented and envied the master’s possessions. Those possessions were associated with freedom and power to direct one’s life, family and economy.
Today, African Americans have mixed Inappropriate Behavior Patterns toward materials things and property. On the one hand, there is resentment of property and an unconscious delight in vandalism and abuse of property seen as belonging to the “master”. This resentment finds expression in the high rate of destruction and defacement in public housing and rented properties.
On the other hand, Black Americans have an unnatural attraction to material things. During slavery, wearing “Massah’s” old hat or “Missis” old dress became a symbol of pride and status. A slave could play at being Massah or Missis for a few moments.
Kenneth Stampp; (1956) vividly illustrates these Inappropriate Behavior Patterns in this idea:
The elegantly dressed slaves, who promenaded the streets of Southern town and cities on Sundays, the men in fine linens and bright waistcoats, the women in full petticoats and silk gowns, were usually the domestic servants of wealth planters or townspeople. Butlers, coachmen, maids and valets had to uphold the prestige of their White families.[4]
Such experiences with property and material things have left a legacy that is influential in our lives today. We waste large sums of money on items with no appreciative value such as, luxurious cars, electronic gizmos, flashy clothes, and expensive liquor. Because we wish to look like the slave master, we consistently drain our budgets and fail to use our money to accumulate wealth.
Being A Good Negro
This type of Inappropriate Behavior Patterns come from old Southern racial etiquette. It occurs when Blacks, especially from the South or Midwest, avoid situations that make them appear free, independent and about determining their own destiny.
A good Negro seeks White approval. They are perfectly happy to go to work or to church, look at television and then go to bed. To them whatever happens to Blacks in the community or anywhere else is not their concern. Good Negroes want to appear happy content, compromising and non-competitive. Those who behave in this manner will neither speak up nor speak out on Black issues, nor will they defend against Black injustices.[5]
Conspiracy with the Competition
History has taught us that coalitions usually operate at the expense of the grassroot Black majority. This flavor of Inappropriate Behavior Patterns occur when Blacks partner with other ethnic groups.
It’s a problem because so many members of the Black establishment class(an organized group of Blacks and Whites who control national Black institutions) use it. Combining encourages Blacks to work with groups who already have articulated goals, rather then organize goals of our own. Black participation gives credibility and strength to sexual preferences, ethnic, class, gender, disabled, and Spanish speaking groups, some of whom compete openly with us for wealth and power and openly oppose Black gains.
During Conspiracy with the Competition African Americans, lose by default due to the Inappropriate Behavior Patterns of Black establishment leaders who seek cross-group alliances, White approval, and corporate dollars at the expense of their own people.
In addition, if funds are available, the trickle-down theory takes effect and usually leaves us with leftovers after sexual preference, gender, ethnic, religious, disabled and Spanish speaking language groups receive what they want or need.
Cultural Diversity
Our last example of African American Inappropriate Behavior Patterns is the promise of cultural diversity. Cultural Diversity leads to the inappropriate behavior of Conspiracy with the Competition. It co-ops and weakens Black claims for national attention. In addition, it creates an ethic that equates all ethnic group grievances with those of Blacks while it belittles and neutralizes our efforts to resolve unique concerns.
For other ethnic groups cultural diversity has its advantages. Main streets in every city have their share of Chinese, Japanese, Mexican, Vietnamese, Italian, Greek, French, Ethiopian, and Thai restaurants. The cultures of these groups stay intact if they choose to assimilate into mainstream culture. At the same time, they can establish other businesses, communities and their own economies.
On the other hand, African Americans do not have the advantage of an identifiable culture of our own. Instead, Black culture is represented by a fragmented array of African heritage, “soul”, and Black history. This mish-mash of culture disintegrates during assimilation into mainstream culture. If all things were equal, cultural diversity could be advantageous to us, however it is not.
[2] Browder, Anthony T., Survival Strategties: For Africans in America, p. xvii
[3] Akbar, Na'im, Chains and Images of Psychological Slavery, p. 9
[4] Stamp, Kenneth, The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South, p.79
[5] Anderson, Claud, Powernomics: The National Plan to Empower Black America, pp.27-28
Return from Inappropriate Behavior Patterns to About Inside Secrets
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Canary
Newbie Poster
Username: Canary
Post Number: 6
Registered: 07-2007
Rating: N/A
Votes: 0 (Vote!) | | Posted on Tuesday, November 13, 2007 - 01:38 pm: |
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This article makes me think as to how deep everything can go.
Thanks for the article. I'm sending it to others.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/ghostgenes.shtml
The Ghost in Your Genes
The scientists who believe your genes are shaped in part by your ancestors' life experiences.
Biology stands on the brink of a shift in the understanding of inheritance. The discovery of epigenetics – hidden influences upon the genes – could affect every aspect of our lives.
At the heart of this new field is a simple but contentious idea – that genes have a 'memory'. That the lives of your grandparents – the air they breathed, the food they ate, even the things they saw – can directly affect you, decades later, despite your never experiencing these things yourself. And that what you do in your lifetime could in turn affect your grandchildren.
The conventional view is that DNA carries all our heritable information and that nothing an individual does in their lifetime will be biologically passed to their children. To many scientists, epigenetics amounts to a heresy, calling into question the accepted view of the DNA sequence – a cornerstone on which modern biology sits.
Epigenetics adds a whole new layer to genes beyond the DNA. It proposes a control system of 'switches' that turn genes on or off – and suggests that things people experience, like nutrition and stress, can control these switches and cause heritable effects in humans.
In a remote town in northern Sweden there is evidence for this radical idea. Lying in Överkalix's parish registries of births and deaths and its detailed harvest records is a secret that confounds traditional scientific thinking. Marcus Pembrey, a Professor of Clinical Genetics at the Institute of Child Health in London, in collaboration with Swedish researcher Lars Olov Bygren, has found evidence in these records of an environmental effect being passed down the generations. They have shown that a famine at critical times in the lives of the grandparents can affect the life expectancy of the grandchildren. This is the first evidence that an environmental effect can be inherited in humans.
In other independent groups around the world, the first hints that there is more to inheritance than just the genes are coming to light. The mechanism by which this extraordinary discovery can be explained is starting to be revealed.
Professor Wolf Reik, at the Babraham Institute in Cambridge, has spent years studying this hidden ghost world. He has found that merely manipulating mice embryos is enough to set off 'switches' that turn genes on or off.
For mothers like Stephanie Mullins, who had her first child by in vitro fertilisation, this has profound implications. It means it is possible that the IVF procedure caused her son Ciaran to be born with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome – a rare disorder linked to abnormal gene expression. It has been shown that babies conceived by IVF have a three- to four-fold increased chance of developing this condition.
And Reik's work has gone further, showing that these switches themselves can be inherited. This means that a 'memory' of an event could be passed through generations. A simple environmental effect could switch genes on or off – and this change could be inherited.
His research has demonstrated that genes and the environment are not mutually exclusive but are inextricably intertwined, one affecting the other.
The idea that inheritance is not just about which genes you inherit but whether these are switched on or off is a whole new frontier in biology. It raises questions with huge implications, and means the search will be on to find what sort of environmental effects can affect these switches.
After the tragic events of September 11th 2001, Rachel Yehuda, a psychologist at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, studied the effects of stress on a group of women who were inside or near the World Trade Center and were pregnant at the time. Produced in conjunction with Jonathan Seckl, an Edinburgh doctor, her results suggest that stress effects can pass down generations. Meanwhile research at Washington State University points to toxic effects – like exposure to fungicides or pesticides – causing biological changes in rats that persist for at least four generations.
This work is at the forefront of a paradigm shift in scientific thinking. It will change the way the causes of disease are viewed, as well as the importance of lifestyles and family relationships. What people do no longer just affects themselves, but can determine the health of their children and grandchildren in decades to come. "We are," as Marcus Pembrey says, "all guardians of our genome."
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Cynique
"Cyniquian" Level Poster
Username: Cynique
Post Number: 10638
Registered: 01-2004
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Votes: 0 (Vote!) | | Posted on Tuesday, November 13, 2007 - 04:35 pm: |
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Both of these articles are very insightful and have done a good job of articulating a problem. The dissecting of the black psyche was especially interesting and, to me, the damage done by slavery is inexolerably entwined with the human drive to survive. Certain behavior apparently became imprinted on the brains of slaves and their descendants as a part of an evolutionary process taking place during the centuries spent in a country where adaptibility is a survival tool.
My only problem with the first article would be that the author generalized about 39 millions blacks. And he holds blacks to a higher standard than he holds whites and other ethnics, comparing the best of them with the worst of blacks, implying that black people are the only ones guilty of stupid negative behavior. He draws his conclusions because he neglects to address the question of "class" as opposed to "race".  |
Troy
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Username: Troy
Post Number: 915
Registered: 01-2004
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Votes: 0 (Vote!) | | Posted on Tuesday, November 13, 2007 - 09:14 pm: |
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The first article sounds deep but I disagree with many (not all) of the conclusions draw from the facts (assuming they are all facts).
Basically I just don't buy the porposition that slave conditioning has an impact today. There are WAY too many examples of people who were ACTUALLY slaves that did not exhibit the "Inappropriate Behavior Patterns" that we observe today.
To suggest that those influences have an impact on behavior today is crazy. I mean it sounds good and all, but it is nonetheless crazy.
People are for more influenced by what actually happens to THEN, not by the experiences of some ancestor who may or may not have been a slave.
Many slaves were ancestors of the masters. If any thing THAT ancestory is resposnsible for the negativity in our genes and resulting behaviors today.
Certainly, the idea of making money regardless of the human carnage left in the wake, as seen in the present day drug king pin, is more indicative the slave master's mentality that than of the enslaved.
Libralind2, the Black Bookstore decline is not limited to Black bookstores. All bookstores, especially the independents are feeling the heat.
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Chrishayden
"Cyniquian" Level Poster
Username: Chrishayden
Post Number: 5726
Registered: 03-2004
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Votes: 0 (Vote!) | | Posted on Wednesday, November 14, 2007 - 12:21 pm: |
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Only the methods have changed.
Same thing going on today. |
Canary
Newbie Poster
Username: Canary
Post Number: 8
Registered: 07-2007
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Votes: 0 (Vote!) | | Posted on Wednesday, November 14, 2007 - 12:54 pm: |
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Chrishayden,
Very true indeed.
Yet, experiences of our ancestors go deep...genetically. Makes sense to me.
The feast or famine is imprinted. The body has 'learned' to store energy...fat...for the lean times. Types of food that's best for us genetically.
So why not go even deeper? Our brains are organic memory and thinking machines...
And there is the typical human behavioural patterns when in situations.
Mob mentality, revenge, blame, fear, traumatized.....
I'm not being clear......Anyway. This includes White folk too...Innappriate Behaviour? They win on that here....and elsewhere. Just my opinion. |
Yvettep
AALBC .com Platinum Poster
Username: Yvettep
Post Number: 2451
Registered: 01-2005
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Votes: 0 (Vote!) | | Posted on Wednesday, November 14, 2007 - 02:29 pm: |
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Epignetics is a fascinating area of genomic science that is getting increased scientific and mass media exposure. That program discussed in the article was broadcast here in the States last month on NOVA: "Ghost in Your Genes" (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genes/; Also, here is another PBS resource:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3411/02.html) |
Yvettep
AALBC .com Platinum Poster
Username: Yvettep
Post Number: 2452
Registered: 01-2005
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Votes: 0 (Vote!) | | Posted on Wednesday, November 14, 2007 - 02:36 pm: |
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sorry--epigenetics... |
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